How will innovations in biological science change the fairness, safety, and meaning of sports?

Known Gene Variations That Cause Superathleticism

ACTN3

Every Olympic sprinter and weightlifter already carries this allele.
EpoR

Increases red blood cell count, thus boosting oxygen deliver 25-50% and providing Olympian endurance.
ACE

Allows you to climb 8,000-meter peaks without oxygen.
SCN9A

Blocks pain pathways in nerves, allowing athletes to play through pain.
MSTN

When this gene is deactivated, the body grows double the muscle mass.
PEPCK

Helps the body burn fatty acid for energy and produces no lactic acid so that athletes can run at top speed for 60% longer.
TNC & COL5A1

Determines whether the body is susceptible to tendon and ligament injury.
LRP5

Creates “unbreakable” bones by increasing skeletal density.